Swain的输出假设理论.ppt

Output Hypothesis: Its History and Its Future University of Toronto Merrill Swain Beijing forign Studies University Yang Luxin (interviewer) What prompted Swain to put forward her Output Hypothesis? In the early and mid 1980s. 1. information-processing theory. （信息加工理论） 2. widespread growth of French immersion programs in Canada. French immersion programs in Canada (沉浸式教学法) 是指以非母语的第二语言作为直接教学语言的基本教学模式，即将学生“浸泡”在目的语的语言环境中。在教学活动中教师不但使用目的语教授目的语言，而且用目的语言教授其他课程。 What are the problems with immersion program? 1.The French proficiency of the immersion students was more advanced than that of students taking 20 to 30 minutes a day of FSL. 2. On some tests of French listening and reading comprehension, French immersion students obtained scores similar to those obtained by francophone students of the same age. 3. The speaking and writing abilities of French immersion students were, in many ways, different from those of their francophone peers. Krashens input hypothesis claimed that there was only one necessary and sufficient condition for second language acquisition, and that was the presence of comprehensible input. If learners are at stage i in their language development, they can acquire i+1 if they understand input containing i+1. explanations: The immersion students did not talk as much in the French portion of the day(in French) as they did in the English portion of the day(in English). More importantly, the teachers did not push the students to talk in French in a manner that was grammatically accurate or sociolinguistically appropriate. What is the meaning shift in “output”? 1980s: a noun, a thing, a product, the outcome or product of the language acquisition device. It was synonymous with what the learner has learned. now: a verb, an action, a process. The Three function of output 1. noticing/triggering function（注意/触发功能） 2. hypothesis testing function（假设检验功能） 3. metalinguistic(reflective) function（元语言反思功能） noticing/triggering function（注意/触发功能）-- 引起学习者对自身语言问题的注意，刺激更适合的