输出假设理论文献综述.doc

文 献 综 述 （2016届） 输出假设理论在初中英语口语教学中的应用 学 院英语学院专 业英语班 级英语1208班学 号0307120828学生姓名吕银燕指导教师徐华日 期2015年12月28日 Literature Review 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the second language acquisition Second language acquisition research was formed in the late 1960s, early 1970s, so far, more than thirty years of history. And in recent years, the research of the second language acquisition has been deeply studied. There are mainly two kinds of factors affecting second language acquisition: the outer factor and the inner factor. The former mainly includes two aspects: one is the social environment, the other is the language input and interactive environment which relates to the one’s cultural background, social status and so on. Then the inner factors can be divided into several parts which include language transfer, theory of language acquisition mechanism, language universality research and language monitoring mode, etc. And simply to say, the inner factors are related to the learner’s attitudes, personalities, cognitive ability, etc. Among these factors, input is one of the most important factors influencing SLA, just as Gass (1997:1)said:“ without input no individual can learn a second language.’’ In the past two decades, input theory has attracted wide attention, and foreign language teaching researchers have mainly focused their attention on the input. And a series of studies such as Schumann’s Acculturation Model(1978), Krashen’s comprehensible Input Hypothesis and Gass Ellis theories once really popular. With the in-depth study of the input theory, some scholars have found out the drawbacks and developed two new theories: the Interaction Hypothesis put forward by  HYPERLINK /wiki/Michael_Long_(academic) \o Michael Long (academic) Michael Long(1996) and the Output Hypothesis put forth by Merrill Swain(1985).Output theory originated in 1980s, it caused a new round of research upsurge, many scholars from the original only attention to the