the evolution of social orienting evidence from chicks (gallus gallus) and human newborns社会定向进化的证据从小鸡(背带吊裤带)和人类的新生儿.pdf

The Evolution of Social Orienting: Evidence from Chicks (Gallus gallus) and Human Newborns 1 2,3 4 1 3 Orsola Rosa Salva *, Teresa Farroni , Lucia Regolin , Giorgio Vallortigara , Mark Henry Johnson 1 Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy, 2 Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, 3 Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom, 4 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Abstract Background: Converging evidence from different species indicates that some newborn vertebrates, including humans, have visual predispositions to attend to the head region of animate creatures. It has been claimed that newborn preferences for faces are domain-relevant and similar in different species. One of the most common criticisms of the work supporting domain-relevant face biases in human newborns is that in most studies they already have several hours of visual experience ¨ when tested. This issue can be addressed by testing newly hatched face-naıve chicks (Gallus gallus) whose preferences can be assessed prior to any other visual experience with faces. Methods: In the present study, for the first time, we test the prediction that both newly hatched chicks and human newborns will demonstrate similar preferences for face stimuli over spatial frequency matched structured noise. Chicks and babies were tested using identical stimuli for the two species. Chicks underwent a spontaneous preference task, in which they have to approach one of two stim