Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling外文翻译.pdf

Chapter 2 Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling Mary Lea Killian Summary Successful detection of the avian influenza (AI) virus, viral antigen, nucleic acid, or antibody is dependent upon the collection of the appropriate sample type, the quality of the sample, and the proper storage and handling of the sample. The diagnostic tests to be performed should be considered prior to sample collection. Sera are acceptable samples for ELISA or agar gel precipitin tests, but not for real-time RT-PCR. Likewise, swabs and/or tissues are acceptable for real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. The sample type will also depend on the type of birds that are being tested; oropharyngeal swabs should be collected from poultry, and cloacal swabs should be collected from waterfowl. This chapter will outline the collection of different specimen types and procedures for proper specimen handling. Keywords diagnostics; virus replication; virus detection; specimen collection; sample processing. 1. Introduction Sample selection and handling are important in the detection of the avian influenza (AI) virus. The type and quality of samples collected will determine the success of diagnosis. In addition, storage conditions from the time of collection until the specimen is proc- essed in the laboratory are very important for the diagnosis of avian influenza. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) is primarily a respiratory disease in poultry and in general replicates mainly in the respiratory tract in gallinaceous birds as well as in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of waterfowl (see Chapter 1). In con- trast, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a systemic disease in poultry and can be isolated from most organ systems [1]. Most HPAI viruses replicate poorly in waterfowl and produce few clinical signs. Specimens collected wi