the diverse applications of cladistic analysis of molecular evolution, with special reference to nested clade analysis的多样化应用进化枝的分子进化分析,与嵌套的进化枝的分析.pdf

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 124-139; doi:10.3390/ijm OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 /journal/ijms Review The Diverse Applications of Cladistic Analysis of Molecular Evolution, with Special Reference to Nested Clade Analysis Alan R. Templeton Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA; E-Mail: temple_a@; Tel.: +1-314-935-6868; Fax: +1-314-935-4432 Received: 25 November 2009; in revised form: 6 January 2010 / Accepted: 6 January 2010 / Published: 8 January 2010 Abstract: The genetic variation found in small regions of the genomes of many species can be arranged into haplotype trees that reflect the evolutionary genealogy of the DNA lineages found in that region and the accumulation of mutations on those lineages. This review demonstrates some of the many ways in which clades (branches) of haplotype trees have been applied in recent years, including the study of genotype/phenotype associations at candidate loci and in genome-wide association studies, the phylogeographic history of species, human evolution, the conservation of endangered species, and the identification of species. Keywords: association studies; phylogeography; human evolution; conservation biology; species 1. Introduction Clade comes from the Greek word for “branch”. In evolutionary biology, clade refers to a branch of an evolutionary tree. Cladistics refers