sound symbolism in basic vocabulary声音基本词汇的象征意义.pdf

Entropy 2010, 12, 844-858; doi:10.3390/ OPEN ACCESS entropy ISSN 1099-4300 /journal/entropy Article Sound Symbolism in Basic Vocabulary Søren Wichmann 1,2,*, Eric W. Holman 3 and Cecil H. Brown 4 1 Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany 2 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 3 Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024–1563, USA; E-Mail: holman@ 4 Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; E-Mail: brown.cecil@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: wichmann@eva.mpg.de. Received: 23 December 2009; in revised form: 2 April 2010 / Accepted: 7 April 2010 / Published: 9 April 2010 Abstract: The relationship between meanings of words and their sound shapes is to a large extent arbitrary, but it is well known that languages exhibit sound symbolism effects violating arbitrariness. Evidence for sound symbolism is typically anecdotal, however. Here we present a systematic approach. Using a selection of basic vocabulary in nearly one half of the world’s languages we find commonalities among sound shapes for words referring to same concepts. These are interpreted as due to sound symbolism. Studying the effects of sound symbolism cross-linguistically is of key importance for the understanding of language evolution. Keywords: