细胞与分子生物学词汇表.doc

Week 1 organism [生物体An individual, composed of organ systems (if multicellular). Multiple organisms make up a population. cells The smallest structural units of living matter capable of functioning independently. protist [原生生物 prokaryote [原核生物Type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and has no membrane organelles; a bacterium. Prokaryotes are more primitive than eukaryotes. Cells lacking membrane-bound organelles and having a single circular chromosome, and ribosomes surrounded by a cell membrane. Prokaryotes were the first forms of life on earth, evolving over 3.5 billion years ago Prokaryotic 原核的 eukaryote 真核细胞A type of cell found in many organisms including single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, plants, and animals; characterized by a membrane-bounded nucleus and other membraneous organelles; an organism composed of such cells. The first eukaryotes are encountered in rocks approximately 1.2-1.5 billion years old. Eukaryotic真核状态的 protozoa [原生生物 Single-celled protists grouped by their method of locomotion. This group includes Paramecium, Amoeba, and many other commonly observed protests plasma 血浆The liquid portion of the blood. Along with the extracellular tuid, it makes up the internal environment of multicellular organisms. cell theory One of the four (or five) unifying concepts in biology. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of at least one cell and that the cell is the fundamental unit of function in all organisms. Corollaries 必然的结果: the chemical composition of all cells is fundamentally alike; all cells arise from preexisting cells through cell division. mitosis [有丝分裂The division of the cells nucleus and nuclear material of a cell; consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cell xeroxing. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotes. The DNA of the cell is replicated during interphase of the cell cycle and then segregated during the four phases of mitosis. meiosis 减数分裂Cell division in