2013年11月9日托福阅读真题解析2013年11月9日托福阅读真题解析.doc

2013年11月9日托福阅读真题解析 第一篇： 主题：动物的行为来自本能，还是后天学习 为解答此问题，文中给出两种理论： 认为动物的行为来自于基因。例子：begging call(乞食的叫声)，雏鸟出生就会。 行为是后天习得的。专家用实验做了证明。实验的实例：雏鸟会叫，是因为在卵中听过成年鸟的叫声。 结论：动物的行为来自先天与后天条件的共同影响。 解析： 文章结构非常清晰，是典型的“现象——问题——假说解答——证据——结论”发展流程。“本能与学习”也并非新鲜话题，TPO, OG和其他真题当中早有涉及，各位考生可以参考 Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores, Orientation and Navigation等文章。另外请注意，文章发展流程中“证据”一节，在生物学话题中，往往以实验的形式出现；“结论”一节不一定提出准确、单一的结论，而可能由于证据不足而并无明确结论。 下面是关于“本能”的参考资料 Instinct?or?innate behavior?is the inherent inclination of aliving?organism?toward a particular complex?behavior. The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a?fixed action pattern, in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a clearly defined stimulus. Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience (that is, in the absence oflearning), and is therefore an expression of innate biological factors.?Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean. A?joey?climbs into its mothers pouch upon being born.[1]?Honeybees?communicate by dancing in the direction of a food source without formal instruction. Other examples include animal fighting, animalcourtship?behavior, internal escape functions, and the building of?nests. All of these are examples of?complex?behaviors and are thus substantially different from?simple?reflex behaviors. An instinct should be distinguished from a?reflex,?which is a simple response of an organism to a specific stimulus, such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the knee is tapped. Instincts, in contrast, are inborn complex patterns of behavior that must exist in every member of the species and that cannot be overcome by force of will.[2]?However, the absence of volitional capacity must not be confused with an inability to modify fixed action patterns. For example, people may be able to modify a stimulated fixe