词汇学第三章练习题.pdf

Chapter Three Word-formation (I) The Three Major Processes of Word-formation p.31-66 1. General Remarks Word-formation or word-building is an important means of vocabulary enlargement. The English language has increased its resources not only through the adoption of words from other languages, but also through the formation of new words with the material available in the language. A. Percentage of new words coined by word-formation processes (p.31) B. Some basic concepts of word-formation  Word-formation rules (p.32-33): The rules of word –formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. Any rule of word-formation is “of limited productivity in the sense that not all words which result from the application of the rule are acceptable…..” . e.g. one of the noun-compound word-formation is noun + noun, but lemonstone is not acceptable.  Root, stem, base A root is a form that is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed (it conveys the main lexical meaning). e.g. undesirables, the root is desire In a compound word like blackboard, there are two roots, black and board.  Stem A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional (not derivational) affix can be added/attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords It is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. e.g. in the word weaknesses, the stem is weakness; undesirables, the stem is undesirable; desired, the stem is desire; in the word greenhouses, the stem is greenhouse, even though the stem consists of two roots.  Base A base is any f