autophagy protein atg3 is essential for maintaining mitochondrial integrity and for normal intracellular development of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites自噬蛋白atg3是至关重要的维持线粒体的完整性和正常细胞内刚地弓形虫个速的发展.pdf

Autophagy Protein Atg3 is Essential for Maintaining Mitochondrial Integrity and for Normal Intracellular Development of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites ´ 1,2 3 3 1 Sebastien Besteiro *, Carrie F. Brooks , Boris Striepen , Jean-Franc¸ois Dubremetz ´ 1 UMR 5235 CNRS, Universites de Montpellier 2 et 1, Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Montpellier, France, 2 INSERM, Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Montpellier, France, 3 Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America Abstract Autophagy is a cellular process that is highly conserved among eukaryotes and permits the degradation of cellular material. Autophagy is involved in multiple survival-promoting processes. It not only facilitates the maintenance of cell homeostasis by degrading long-lived proteins and damaged organelles, but it also plays a role in cell differentiation and cell development. Equally important is its function for survival in stress-related conditions such as recycling of proteins and organelles during nutrient starvation. Protozoan parasites have complex life cycles and face dramatically changing environmental conditions; whether autophagy represents a critical coping mechanism throughout these changes remains poorly documented. To investigate this in Toxoplasma gondii, we have used TgAtg8 as an autophagosome marker and showed that autophagy and the associated cellular machinery are present and functional in the parasite. In extracellular T. gondii tachyzoites, autophagosomes were induced in response to amino acid s