词的构成.ppt

5) Verb suffixes Suffix Added to — to form Meaning Examples IFY nouns, adjectives — causative verbs (chiefly transitive) simplify -IZE as for –ify (BrE: also –ise) causative popularize -EN adjective — verbs (a) transitive (b) intransitive (a) causative (b) ‘become X’ deafen sadden 6) Noun — adjective suffixes Suffix Added to — to form Meaning Examples -FUL nouns 9chiefly abstract) — gradable adjectives ‘having …’ ‘giving …’ useful helpful -LESS nouns —adjectives ‘without …’ childless -LY nouns (chiefly concrete) — gradable adjectives ‘having the qualities of …’ cowardly -LIKE as for –ly having the qualities of childlike -Y nouns (chiefly concrete non-count) — gradable adjectives ‘like …’ ‘covered with …’ creamy hairy -ISH nouns (chiefly proper and count) — adjectives (a) non gradable; (b) gradable (a) belonging to (b) having the character of …’ Turkish foolish -IAN nouns (chiefly proper) — adjectives ‘in the tradition of …’ Darwinian 7) Some adjective suffixes common in borrowed and neo-classical words Suffix Added to — to form Examples -AL (also –ial) primarily non-gradable adjectives criminal, editorial musical -IC gradable or non-gradable adjectives heroic -IVE (also –ative, -itive) gradable or non gradable adjectives attractive, affirmative, sensitive -OUS (also –eous, -ious) primarily gradable adjectives virtuous, courteous, vivacious Note: In some adjectives –ic alternates with –ical with: (a)difference of meaning: an economic miracle (‘in the economy’); a historic building (‘with a history’); the care is economical to run (money-saving); historical research (pertaining to history) (b)There are several less common neo-classical affixes, among which –ary, -ate and –ory are particularly notable: revolutionary, affectionate, obligatory. Nouns in –cry alternate (with or without stress shift) with nouns in –tion: obligatory, obligation; satisfactory satisfication. 8) Other adjective suffixes Suffix Added to — to form Meaning Examples -ABLE -IBLE verbs (chiefly