化学专业英语.ppt

Organic Chemistry Some significant organic chemical terms hydrocarbons; saturated hydrocarbon; unsaturated hydrocarbon; conjugate (conjugation); （碳氢化合物，烃，饱和?，不饱和?，共轭） degradation（降解）; rearrangement（重排）; replacement（置换） ; pericyclic reaction (cycloaddition reaction; electrocyclic reaction; sigmatropic rearrangement)（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，σ-重排） Reactivity（反应活性）; Attack（进攻）; leaving group（离去基团）; protecting group（保护基）; catalyst（催化剂）; Kinetic（动力学的）; thermodynamic（热力学的）. racemic mixture; meso compound; （外消旋体，内消旋体） stereoselective reaction; stereospecific reation; regioselective reaction; steric hindrance; steric effects; （立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应 ） reflux; stir; azeotrope; （回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物） separation; filter; distillation; fraction; chromatography; （分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱） extraction; precipitate; recrystallization; （萃取，沉淀，重结晶） Ground joint; Flask (three-necked, round-bottom, conical, filter, suction, volumetric); Condenser (air, reflux, ball, coil); distilling head (claisen); adaptor (vacuum); Beaker; funnel (buchner, separatory, long-stem, stemless, dropping, sintered glass); Bottle (weighing, washing, dropping, gas-washing); drying tube (tower, desiccator, vacuum desiccator); Prefix----------Parent-----------Suffix Nomenclature of parent part-----Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituents Straight-chain alkanes Straight-chain alkanes are named by counting the number of carbon atoms in the chain and adding the family suffix-ane. Thus pentane is the five-carbon alkane, and hexane is the six-carbon alkane. An alkyl substituent (or an alkyl group) is an alkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed. Alkyl substituents are named by replacing the “ane” suffix of the alkane with “yl”. The letter “R” is used to indicate any alkyl group. Thus CH3- has the name of methyl, while the group of CH3CH2- was named ethyl. Number Molecular Name Name in Alkyl of carbons formula Chinese substituents