2018年初二现在完成时.doc

初二现在完成时 　　一、现在完成时的构成及各种句式的变化 　　构成: have /has， 过去分词 　　第三人称单数用助动词has，其余用have。现在完成时的否定句直接在助动词have/has后面加上not(has not=hasn’t, have not=haven’t)。疑问句是把助动词have/has提到主语之前。 　　过去分词，其他 肯定句:主语 ， have/has ， 　　否定句:主语， have not(haven’t)/has not (hasn’t) ， 过去分词，其他。 　　一般疑问句:Have/Has ， 主语 ， 过去分词 ，其他, 　　肯定回答:Yes, sb have/has. 　　否定回答:No, sb. Haven’t/hasn’t. (sb. 用人称代词主格) 　　特殊疑问句:疑问词， have/has ， 主语， 过去分词...? 　　以动词finish为例。 　　肯定句:He has finished the work. 　　否定句:He has not finished the work. /He hasn’t finished the work. 　　一般疑问句:Has he finished the work? 　　回答:Yes, he has. /No, he hasn’t. 　　特殊疑问句:What has he done? 　　二、现在完成时的用法 　　(一)现在完成时的已完成用法 　　1(强调不久前完成的动作对现在产生的影响。常见的时间状语有:already, yet(用于否定句或疑问句), just等。 　　I have just lost my wallet. 　　(含义是:现在我没有钱花了。) 　　Jane has already had breakfast. 　　(含义是:她吃过早饭了，现在不饿。) 　　t read this book yet. They haven’ 　　(含义是:他们现在不知道书里大概内容是什么。) 　　2(强调到现在为止的生活经历。 　　现在完成时的这种用法常和never, ever(用于否定句或疑问句), once, twice, three times等作状语，可以用how many times提问，谓语动词多用延续性动词。 　　I’ve never been late for school. 　　—Have you ever climbed that mountain? 　　—Yes, several times. 　　—How many times have you ever been to England? 　　—Only once. 　　(二)现在完成时的“未完成”用法 　　现在完成时的这种用法表示动作或状态从过去的某个时间开始一直延续至今，可能刚刚结束，也可能继续下去，常与“for，时间段”、“since，时间点”等表示的时间状语连用，可以用how long提问，谓语多用延续性动词。 　　—How long have you worked in this library? 　　—I have worked here for about ten years. 　　Tom has lived here since three years ago. 　　Tom has learned 200 words since last month. 　　They have been teachers since they came here. 　　(1)since和for的区别 　　since后接时间点，如1993, last term, yesterday, two days ago, the time I got 　　there. for后接一段时间即时间段，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, two days, three hours等。 　　练习:用sine和for填空 　　1(Jim has been in Ireland ______ two days ago. 　　2(Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days. 　　3(His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days. 　　(Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o’clock. 4 　　5(India has been an independent country ______1974. 　　(The bus is late.