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种群生态学特征.ppt

发布:2025-02-23约8.6千字共58页下载文档
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种群生态Deathrate,ormortalityrate,isthenumberofindividualsdyingduringagiventimeintervaldividedbytheaveragepopulationsizeoverthattimeinterval.Thisisaninstantaneousrateandbeestimatedforthepopulationasawholeorforspecificageclassestogivetheagespecificmortalityrate.PhysiologicalmortalityEcologicalmortalityorrealizedmortality(生态死亡率或实际死亡率)Mortality第27页,共58页,星期日,2025年,2月5日种群生态Immigration;Emigration.Frequency;Spatialscale;Openvs.closepopulation;Landscaperesistance;Individualflowvs.geneflow;Populationdynamics,geographicalpatternandevolutionarilyspeciation.比较:MigrationDispersalLocomotionMigration第28页,共58页,星期日,2025年,2月5日种群生态3.性比SexualratioThesexratiousuallybe1:1.ButthereexistedsomeExceptions:Monogamous(一雄一雌):EachindividualhasonematePolygynous(一雄多雌):Onemalemateswithmultiplefemales,Femalesmustcarefortheyoung,MammalstendtobepolygynousPolyandrous(一雌多雄):Onefemalemateswithmultiplemales,Practicedbyafewspeciesofbirds.第29页,共58页,星期日,2025年,2月5日种群生态人、猿等高等动物的性比为1:1;鸭类等一些鸟类以及许多昆虫的性比大于1;蜜蜂、蚂蚁等社会性昆虫的性比小于1。种群的性比值会随着其个体发育阶段的变化而发生改变。根据不同发育阶段,即配子、出生和性成熟三个时期,性比可相应再分为初级性比、次级性比和三级性比。第30页,共58页,星期日,2025年,2月5日4.年龄结构AgedistributionTheagestructureofapopulationisthenumberofindividualsineachageclassexpressedasaratio,andisusuallydisplayedasastationaryagedistribution.Agrowingpopulationwillhavemoreyoung.Whileadecliningpopulationwillbedominatedbyolderageclasses.Whereorganismspassthroughdiscretegrowthstages(e.g.insectlarvalinstars),thenumberofindividualsateachstage(the‘stagestructure’)mayprovideausefuldescriptionofthepopulation.第31页,共58页,星期日,2025年,2月5日YanZhong-cheng繁殖前期(pre-reproductiveperiod)繁殖期(reproductiveperiod)繁殖后期(post-reproductiveperiod)Agestructure(年龄结构)ExpandingpopulationStablepopulationDecl

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