the impact of sex, gender and pregnancy on 2009 h1n1 disease性的影响,性别和怀孕2009年h1n1疾病.pdf

Klein et al. Biology of Sex Differences 2010, 1:5 /content/1/1/5 REVIEW Open Access The impact of sex, gender and pregnancy on 2009 H1N1 disease 1,2* 3 4 5 1 Sabra L Klein , Catherine Passaretti , Martha Anker , Peju Olukoya , Andrew Pekosz Abstract Children and young adults of reproductive age have emerged as groups that are highly vulnerable to the current 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The sex of an individual is a fundamental factor that can influence exposure, susceptibility and immune responses to influenza. Worldwide, the incidence, disease burden, morbidity and mortality rates fol- lowing exposure to the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus differ between males and females and are often age-dependent. Pregnancy and differences in the presentation of various risk factors contribute to the worse outcome of infection in women. Vaccination and antiviral treatment efficacy also vary in a sex-dependent manner. Finally, sex-specific genetic and hormonal differences may contribute to the severity of influenza and the clearance of viral infection. The contribution of sex and gender to influenza can only be determined by a greater consideration of these fac- tors in clinical and epidemiological studies and increased research into the biological basis underlying these differences. Sex, gender and pregnancy in the 2009 H1N1 and treatment measures. A greater awareness of how pandemic sex and gender impact upon the biology of 2009 H1N1 Sex and gender differences can affect exposure to patho- infection could provide important insights into the gens, vulnerability to infectious diseases, health seeking