英語语言学笔记1-8.doc

Chapter One----Introduction 1.1----What is linguistics? 1.1.1. Definition----linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ???????????Scientific?means it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. ???????????Collect and observe language facts----àformulate hypotheses-----àcheck the hypotheses repeatedly to fully prove their validity-----àprove ???????????No Article before language?in this definition means that linguistics studies language in general. ???????????Linguists’ task: basically study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built. ???????????Interest?of linguists is “what is said” 1.1.2.??The scopes of linguistics General linguistics----the study of language as a whole-----the core of linguistics Specific linguistics----the study of a specific language----Chinese linguistics Phonetics----the study of sounds used in linguistic communication. Phonology----the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meanings in communication. Morphology----the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax-----the study of the rules for sentence formation Semantics-----the study of meaning. Pragmatics----the study of meaning in the context of language use. Above are made up of?the core of linguistics Sociolinguistics-----the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch. Psycholinguistics-----the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition. Applied linguistics-----the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching , especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 1.1.3.?Some important distinctions in linguistics. (1)????prescriptive vs. descriptive Prescriptive----the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using la