5.第五章 中国的哲学家.pptx

第五章 中国的哲学家 Chinese Philosophers目录CONTENTS01.孔子的故事 The Story of Confucius02.老子的故事 The Story of Lao-tzu03.庄子的故事The Story of Chuang-tzu 孔子，春秋末期鲁国（今山东曲阜）人，是中国著名的哲学家、思想家、教育家。他的故事在中国家喻户晓，可以说他的思想在一定程度上影响了中国的历史进程。 Confucius was a famous Chinese philosopher, thinker and educator. His story was well known in China. To some extent, the historical process of China had been influenced by his thought. What kind of person was he? Let’s learn Chinese stories through the stories of Confucius. 孔子三岁时他的父亲就去世了，他的母亲把他抚养大。孔子 17 岁时，他的母亲因为太过操劳也去世了。孔子主持了母亲的葬礼，并且克服困难将父母合葬。这一系列仪式办得非常合乎礼仪，给当时的人们留下了深刻的印象，并被记载在史书里。这说明 17 岁时孔子已经完成了对“礼”的学习，做好步入成人世界的准备了。 Confucius’ father died when he was three years old and his mother raised him. When Confucius was 17, his mother died because she had worked too hard. Confucius was very sad. As a son, he presided over the burial of his mother and had to overcome difficulties to bury his parents together. The series of ceremonies was conducted very formally, leaving a deep impression on the people of the time. This showed that at the age of 17, Confucius had already completed the basic study, and was getting ready to enter the adult world. 当时的少年学习内容主要有六样，分别是“礼、乐、射、御、书、数”。其中“射、御、书、数”是比较实用的课程，即射箭、驾车、读写和算术。“礼、乐”则更为重要，主要用于外交和祭祀，孔子最重视“礼、乐”。“礼、乐”也是他哲学思想的重要内容。 At that time, the basic learning content mainly included six items, namely, “ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, book, arithmetic”. Among them, “archery, chariot-riding, book, arithmetic” were the more practical courses. However, in Confucius’ opinion “ritual and music”, which were mainly used in diplomacy and sacrifice, were more important. “Ritual and music” were an important part of his philosophy. 孔子是中国历史上很有成就的教育家，据说有弟子三千，其中成为知名人士的就有七十二人之多。著名的《论语》是一本记录他及其弟子言行的书。《论语》共 20 篇 492 章，内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面，后来成为儒家经典著作。这本书体现了孔子的思想，是他和弟子们智慧的结晶。 Confucius was a very accomplished educator in Chinese history, and there were three thousand students who studied under him, seventy-two of whom became famous people.