财大微观经济学第六章(范里安).ppt

第六章一般均衡与福利经济学 在其他条件不变的情况下考察单个经济单位或市场的分析就是局部均衡分析，所得到的有关理论属于局部均衡论的范畴。 相对应的，将所有相互联系的各个市场看成一个整体来加以研究而进行的分析就是一般均衡分析，相应的理论就是一般均衡理论。 一般均衡理论的基本思想是考察市场相关经济变量之间的相互联系。 主要解决的问题就是是否存在一系列价格使所有市场同时处于均衡，即所谓的一般均衡存在性问题。 在研究这一问题的过程中，我们讨论福利经济学的两个基本定理。 我们仅考虑竞争市场的行为：每个消费者或生产者都接受既定的价格，并作出最优的选择； 我们采用简化的方法：两个消费者和两种商品； 我们分两个阶段来考察一般均衡问题 1.纯交换 2.含生产行为的一般均衡模型 §6.1交换Exchange Two consumers, A and B. Their endowments of goods 1 and 2 are  E.g. The total quantities available Exchange Edgeworth and Bowley devised a diagram, called an Edgeworth box, to show all possible allocations of the available quantities of goods 1 and 2 between the two consumers. Starting an Edgeworth Box Starting an Edgeworth Box Starting an Edgeworth Box Starting an Edgeworth Box Feasible Allocations可行的配置 What allocations of the 8 units of good 1 and the 6 units of good 2 are feasible? How can all of the feasible allocations be depicted by the Edgeworth box diagram? Feasible Allocations What allocations of the 8 units of good 1 and the 6 units of good 2 are feasible? How can all of the feasible allocations be depicted by the Edgeworth box diagram? One feasible allocation is the before-trade allocation; i.e. the endowment allocation.（初始的禀赋配置是一种可行的配置） The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation The Endowment Allocation Other Feasible Allocations denotes an allocation to consumer A. denotes an allocation to consumer B. An allocation is feasible if and only if Feasible Reallocations Feasible Reallocations Feasible Reallocations All points in the box, including the boundary, represent feasible allocations of the combined endowments. Feasible Reallocations All points in the box, including the boundary, represent feasible allocations of the combined endowments. Which allocations will be blocked by one or both consumers? Which allocations make both consumers better