ANTOINETTE WAS THE QUEEN OF.pdf
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Do transposed-letter similarity effects occur at a
prelexical phonological level?
Manuel Perea
Universitat de Vale?ncia, Vale?ncia, Spain
Manuel Carreiras
Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Nonwords created by transposing two letters (e.g., RELOVUTION) are very effective at activating the
lexical representation of their base words (Perea Lupker, 2004). In the present study, we examined
whether the nature of transposed-letter (TL) similarity effects was purely orthographic or whether it
could also have a phonological component. Specifically, we examined transposed-letter similarity
effects for nonwords created by transposing two nonadjacent letters (e.g., relovucio?n–
REVOLUCIO?N) in a masked form priming experiment using the lexical decision task (Experiment
1). The controls were (a) a pseudohomophone of the transposed-letter prime (relobucio?n–
REVOLUCIO?N; note that B and V are pronounced as /b/ in Spanish) or (b) an orthographic
control (reloducio?n–REVOLUCIO?N). Results showed a similar advantage of the TL nonword
condition over the phonological and the orthographic control conditions. Experiment 2 showed a
masked phonological priming effect when the letter positions in the prime were in the right order.
In a third experiment, using a single-presentation lexical decision task, TL nonwords produced
longer latencies than the orthographic and phonological controls, whereas there was only a small
phonological effect restricted to the error data. These results suggest that TL similarity effects are
orthographic—rather than phonological—in nature.
When we read the sentence “MARIE
ANTOINETTE WAS THE QUEEN OF
FRANCE WHEN THE FRENCH
RELOVUTION STARTED”, we may not
notice that the word REVOLUTION was
misspelled—two letters were exchanged.
Interestingly, replacing one or two letters of
the same word (e.g., REVOMUTION or
RESOMUTION) makes the misspelling much
more noticeable (see Grainger Whitney,
2004; Perea Lupker, 2004). In other words,
nonwords
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