4.14_心血管疾病和糖尿病流行病学.pptx

Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;讨论;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Projected main causes of death,worldwide, all ages, 2005;Projected global deaths by cause, all ages, 2005;;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;;to NCD;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology; 流行病学: 分布 分布: 病例发生的时间、地点和人群 例子: 根据2008年的X国家的死亡调查，有1034名年龄在45-54岁之间的女性宫颈癌病例死亡。;to NCD; 流行病学: 定义 健康相关状况 ? 疾病诊断或死因判定 ? 健康相关行为 (e.g., 吸烟、产前维生素摄入) ? 举例:根据2008年的X国家的死亡调查，有1034名年龄在45-54岁之间的女性宫颈癌病例死亡。; 流行病学: 定义 特定人群 特定人群: 一个可测量的人群，可用地点、时间、人口学和其它特征来定义 例子：在2001年到2009年期间居住在X国家郊区乡村里的45-54岁的女性;to NCD;流行病学目的 ? 来测量疾病的频率 – 量化疾病 ? 获取疾病的分布 –谁得了疾病？ –哪里发生了疾病？ –什么时候得了疾病？ ? 对病因和可预防的因素形成假说 ? 确定疾病的影响因素 –假说需要经过流行病学方法的检验;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;;;;;;;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;Introduction to NCD Epidemiology;英国医生吸烟研究;人群队列研究——英国医生吸烟研究;Richard Doll (1912-2005), who stopped smoking cigarettes at age 37,photographed aged 91 at the 2004 BMJ press conferenceon the 50-year results from his study of British doctors;Framingham Cohort Study;January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945;January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945;January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945;Major findings 1970s Elevated blood pressure increases risk of stroke. In women who are postmenopausal, risk of heart disease is increased, compared with women who are premenopausal.? Psychosocial?factors affect risk of heart disease. 1980s High levels of?HDL cholesterol?reduce risk of heart disease. 1990s Having an enlarged left ventricle of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy) increases risk of stroke. Elevated blood pressur