学术英语(人文社科类)Unit 5.ppt

5 Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and artistic achievements. Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as people’s need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2) Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5) 3 Innovation Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 4 Globalization the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6) Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 5 Diffusion the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media, tourism, and the Internet. (