[非形式逻辑与批判3.ppt

论证的类型 叙述式和对话式论证：叙述式论证表面上是一种独白，只直接涉及一个说话者或写作者。它是单向而连贯的说话方式。叙述式论证有书面的与口语的，其中最典型的是演讲和论文。书面论证没有在场的现实听众，但这并不意味着这种论证完全是作者的任意独白。对话式论证是最古老的论证类型。对话式论证的典型形式是辩论。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 事实论证、价值论证和实践论证：在事实论证中，正方坚持某事存在，而反方则认为它不存在。对价值评判的恰当性与否的论证，或对事物对象存在与发展的价值倾向性的论证，称为价值论证。价值可能是政策的先兆。一个价值被赞成或拒绝的程度将决定我们是形成一个私人政策，还是形成一个公共政策。意图改变某些事情或是阻止某些事情的变化的论证，被称为实践论证，或称为建议性论证，它常采用的形式是：我们应该做什么或不应该做什么，怎样做。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 演绎论证、归纳论证和合情论证：演绎是运用普遍原理 、 原则来说明特殊事实的合理性。归纳是用特殊事实来说明较普遍性命题的合理性。合情论证（plausible argument） 是用正常、正规或典范情形说明一般或特殊的合理性 。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 演绎论证 所有人都是会死的。 苏格拉底是人。 苏格拉底是会死的。 归纳论证 这些葡萄里面，我吃过95颗都是酸的，所以第96颗也是酸的。 奶奶活了95个年头了，所以她也能活到96岁生日。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 合情论证 A具有属性a, b, c, 又有属性p. B