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1 Introduction and scope 1.1 Aims of the Manual This Manual provides guidance on the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures. Structures designed in accordance with this Manual will normally comply with DD ENV 1992-1-1: 19921 (hereinafter referred to as EC2). 1.2 Eurocode system The structural Eurocodes were initiated by the European Commission but are now produced by the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) which is the European standards organization, its members being the national standards bodies of the EU and EFTA countries,e.g. BSI. CEN will eventually publish these design standards as full European Standards EN (Euronorms), but initially they are being issued as Prestandards ENV. Normally an ENV has a life of about 3 years to permit familiarization and trial use of the standard by member states. After formal voting by the member bodies, ENVs are converted into ENs taking into account the national comments on the ENV document. At present the following Eurocode parts have been published as ENVs but as yet none has been converted to an EN: DD ENV 1991-1-1: Basis of design and actions on structures (EC1) DD ENV 1992-1-1: Design of concrete structures (EC2) DD ENV 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures (EC3) DD ENV 1994-1-1: Design of composite steel and concrete structures (EC4) DD ENV 1995-1-1: Design of timber structures (EC5) DD ENV 1996-1-1: Design of masonry structures (EC6) DD ENV 1997-1-1: Geotechnical design (EC7) DD ENV 1998-1-1: Earthquake resistant design of structures (EC8) DD ENV 1999-1-1: Design of aluminium alloy structures (EC9) Each Eurocode is published in a number of parts, usually with ‘General rules’ and ‘Rules for buildings’ in Part 1. The various parts of EC2 are: Part 1.1 General rules and rules for buildings; Part 1.2 Supplementary rules for structural fire design; Part 1.3 Supplementary rules for precast concrete elements and structures; Part 1.4 Supplementary rules for the use of lightweight aggregate concrete;