IdentifyingphonemesandallophonesThedistributionof识别和音位变体分布.doc

Phonemes and Phonetic Variants The distribution of speech sounds the set of phonetic environments in which a phone occurs in English, vowels preceding a nasal consonant become nasalized bead [bid] bead [b?n] pit [phIt] pin [ph?n] in English, voiceless stops –/p/, /t/, /k/ -in word-initial position become aspirated top [thap] stop [stap] pot [pht] spot [spat] cop [khap] Scot [skat] in English, voiceless stops –/p/, /t/, /k/ - in word-final position, at the end of an utterance, can be unreleased mop [map?] Where’s the mop? bit [bIt?] Can I have a bit? pick [phIk?] That’s a nice pick. in English, velar stops –/k/, /g/ - preceding a front vowel become palatilized keep [?hip(?)] cop [khap(?)] gate [gejt(?)] goat [gowt(?)] in English, alveodental stops –/t/, /d/ - following a stressed vowel and preceding an unstressed vowel can be pronounced as flaps b?itter [bID?] b?idder [bID?] 1. Contrastive distribution a pair of phones is contrastive if interchanging the two, results in a new word the sounds occur in the same environment, and contrast meanings - make different words they are different phonemes in English: /p/ vs. /b/ ( pat vs. bat /p/ with its phonetic variants [ph], [p], [p(?)] is a distinct phoneme in Hindi: /ph/ vs. /p/ ( [ph?l] ‘fruit’ vs. [p?l] ‘moment’ /p/ and /ph/are distinct phonemes in English: /l/ vs. /r/ ( leaf vs. reef /l/ and /r/ are distinct phonemes 2. Complementary distribution two sounds in complementary distribution are in mutually exclusive distribution the sounds always appear in different phonetic environments phones in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme in English: /p/ [ph] aspirated in word-initial position [p] unaspirated when following /s/ /k/ [?h] palatalized in word-initial position before a front vowel ( kit [kh] aspirated in word-initial position preceding other vowels ( cop [?] palatalized preceding front vowels ( skip [k] in other environments ( Scot /