General Pathology Notes - ihug（一般病理笔记ihug）.pdf

530.304 – General Pathology Lecture Notes INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY • Introduction to Pathology General pathology is the study of the mechanisms of disease (with emphasis on aetiology and pathogenesis), while systematic pathology is the study of diseases as they occur within particular organ systems – it involves aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, macro- and microscopic appearance, specific diagnostic features, natural history and sequelae. Academic pathology includes research and teaching, and the discipline of experimental pathology was derived from this. Clinical pathology is often referred to as laboratory medicine and includes a number of diagnostic disciplines. Pathology provides the basis for understanding: The mechanisms of disease The classification of diseases The diagnosis of diseases The basis of treatment Monitoring the progress of disease Determining prognosis Understanding complications SNOMED – standard classification of disease – considers the following aspects: Topography Morphology Aetiology Function Disease Procedure Occupation • Techniques of Pathology Gross pathology – macroscopic investigation and observation of disease Light microscopy – thin section of wax or plastic permeated tissues, snap-frozen tissues Histochemistry – microscopy of treated tissue sections (to distinguish cell components) Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence – tagged antibodies (monoclonal better) Electron microscopy Biochemical techniques – e.g. fluid and electrolyte balance, serum enzymes Cell cultures – also allowing cytogenetic analysis Medical microbiology – direct microscopy, culturing and identification Molecular pathology – in situ hybridisation (specific genes/mRNA), polymerase chain reaction CELL INJURY • The Pathogenesis of Cell Injury Normal cell structure an