外科笔记（Surgical notes）.doc

外科笔记（Surgical notes） Pyloric obstruction, gastrointestinal decompression and severe vomiting -- substitution of bases (a large number of gastric acid vomiting, alkali generation - accompanied by low potassium, low chlorine, low calcium) Stress ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding, stress ulcer Check: fecal occult blood Make sure the bleeding site is examined: gastroscopy Treatment: first choice non-surgical treatment, invalid surgery treatment. Hyperkalemia or oliguria in acute renal failure: hyperkalemia Water poisoning reasons: in water increased Causes of death in the polyuria phase: hypokalemia and infection Acute renal failure - high potassium, high magnesium, high phosphorus, low calcium Heart compressions -- touch the neck, A, or A beat ABC means: keep the airway clear, take artificial respiration, and build artificial circulation Pathological changes of brain damage during cardiac arrest -- cerebral anoxia and cerebral edema. Treatment: mannitol, if necessary, accelerate the urine. Wound classification: I - clean wounds II - may contaminate wounds III - contaminated wounds After systemic infection, blood pressure drops and sepsis is considered. Staphylococcus aureus vancomycin effective Tetanus: G + anaerobic bacillus infection (tetanus) - exotoxin - toxemia A wry face, opisthotonus, respiratory muscle spasm, Intense contraction of muscle - initially masseter muscle Sanity is always clear and urinary retention can occur Amikacin, a drug that is contraindicated in renal insufficiency Balanced salt solution, isotonic saline 1.05% sodium bicarbonate solution Tumor: most children are embryonal tumors or leukemia, most of them are sarcomas, and cancer is common in middle age The basic condition of forming brain hernia is that the pressure of intracranial cavity is unbalanced Tentorial notch hernia: early onset of consciousness impairment, Foramen magnum herniation: early respiratory arrest Emergency measures: rapid intracranial puncture frontal cerebrospinal fluid dr