有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团.doc

.有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团 官能团??? functional group双键????? double bond叁键????? triple bond羟基????? hydroxy group巯基????? mercapto巯基????? sulfhydryl / sulphydryl group羰基????? carbonyl group氨基????? amino group亚氨基??? imino group硝基????? nitro group亚硝基??? nitroso group氰基????? cyano group羧基????? carboxyl group磺基????? sulpho group烷基????? alkyl group 烯基????? alkenyl group乙烯基??? vinyl group烯丙基??? allyl group炔基????? alkynyl group 苯基????? phenyl group苄基????? benzyl group芳基????? aryl group烷氧基??? alkoxyl group酰基????? acyl group乙酰基??? acetyl group活性亚甲基???? active methylene group 2.有机化合物的类型 烃?????? hydrocarbon石蜡???? paraffin脂肪烃?? aliphatic hydrocarbon烷烃???? alkane烯烃???? alkene炔烃???? alkyne共轭二烯烃? conjugated diene脂环烃 　　 alicyclic hydrocarbon螺环化合物? spiro compound桥环化合物? bridged ring compound芳烃??????? aromatic hydrocarbon非苯芳烃??? nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon稠环芳烃??? condensed aromatics萘???? naphthalene萘基?? naphthyl蒽???? anthracene蒽基?? anthryl菲???? phenanthrene菲基?? phenanthryl芘???? pyrene芘基?? pyrenyl 卤代烃 halohydrocarbon 醇 alcohol酚 phenol醚 ether 环氧化合物 epoxide冠醚 crown ether硫醇 thiol硫酚 thiophenol硫醚 sulfide二硫化物 disulfide 亚磺酸? sulfinic acid磺酸??? sulfonic acid亚砜??? sulfoxide砜????? sulfone 醛?????? aldehyde酮?????? ketone半缩醛?? hemiacetaI半缩酮?? hemiketal缩醛???? acetal缩酮???? ketal希夫碱?? shiffs base肟?????? oxime腙?????? hydrozone缩氨脲?? semicarbazon醌????? quinone 羧酸???? carboxylic acid酰卤???? acid halide / acyl halide酸酐???? acid anhydride酯?????? ester酰胺???? amide內酯???? lactone内酰胺?? lactam腈?????? nitrile取代酸?? substituted acid羟基酸?? hydroxy acid醇酸???? alcoholic acid酚酸???? phenolic acid酮酸???? keto acid乙酰乙酸乙醋 ethyl acetoacetate 亚硝基化合物 nitroso compound硝基化合物?? nitro compound亚胺 imine胺?? amine???? 伯胺 primary amine???? 仲胺 secondary amine???? 叔胺 tertiary amine???? 季铵盐 quaternary ammonium salt???? 季铵碱?? quaternary ammonium hydroxide重氮盐???? diazonium salt偶氮化合物 azo compound胍???? guanidine氨基酸 amino acid 膦 phosphine磷酸酯 phosphate亚磷酸酯 phosphit