2014戴炜栋新编简明语言学教程文档.doc

Linguistics is a scientific study of language . 语言学是对语言进行的科学研究。General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. 普通语言学是对语言从整体上进行的研究the major branches of linguistics:语言学内部主要分支 Phonetics：the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.. (语音学)对语言交流中语音的研究Phonology the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. (音位学)如何组合在一起并在交 流中形传达意义.Morphology:the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (词法学、形态学)如何排列以及组合起来构成词语Syntax:the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (句法学) 如何在组成语法上可接受的句子 Semantics(语义学) the study of meaning in abstraction语言是用来传达意义的。Pragmatics(语用学) the study of meaning in context of use用来研究上下文的意义跨学科分支Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. 社会语言学是语言和社会之间关系的研究 Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. 心理语言学是语言与心灵的关系的研究Applied linguistics is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. 应用语言学是外国和第二语言教学的研究 Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学中一些基本区分1. Descriptive or Prescriptive A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior. 描述性是在描述和分析人们对语言的实际运用，规定性是在为语言“正确和规范的”使用确立规则。 2. Synchronic and DiachronicThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study。共时性对语言在历史的某一时间点的描述，历时性对语言随着时间的变化而变化的描述3. Speech and Writing. 4. Langue and ParoleThis is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.瑞士语言学家索绪尔于20实际早期提出，语言是一个话语社团所有成员共有的抽象的语言系统，言语是语言在实际运用中的实现。5. Competenceand and PerformanceCompetence is the ideal language users