培训课件--糖尿病基本用药.ppt
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Slide 6-40 INSULIN TACTICS Combination Oral Agents + Insulin Synergistic or Complementary Effects The oral agents can be divided into two general categories: those augmenting the supply of insulin by increasing the secretion of insulin into the portal circulation and those enhancing the effectiveness of insulin. Injected insulin, in turn, increases insulin in the systemic circulation. Because the mechanisms of action for these classes of oral agents differ, they may have complementary or additive effects and can help meet the individualized needs of patients. The sulfonylureas are oral agents that augment the supply of portal insulin. They increase hepatic levels of endogenous insulin and enhance meal-mediated insulin release. Metformin and the glitazones are oral agents that enhance the effectiveness of insulin. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity at the liver and reduces hepatic glucose production. The glitazones improve insulin action in peripheral tissues and enhance glucose uptake. The a-glucosidase inhibitors have a different mechanism of action, decreasing postprandial glucose absorption by inhibiting digestion of complex carbohydrates and disaccharides, thereby retarding gastrointestinal glucose absorption. 模板来自于 * 噻唑烷二酮类有哪些特点? 作用机制:增加细胞对胰岛素的敏感性而降低血糖 降糖效力:HbAlc1~1.5% 作 用 特 点 不 良 反 应 噻唑烷二酮类 代表药 罗格列酮(文迪雅) 吡格列酮(瑞彤) 曲格列酮(瑞泽林) 噻唑烷二酮类药物 罗格列酮 文迪雅 每日4mg或8mg,大剂量较小剂量效果更明显。 1次服或分2次服,分2次服效果稍优于1次 吡格列酮 15mg/片,每日15或30mg,日服一次即可 单独应用,剂量足够时,HbA1c平均下降约1.5%, 血糖愈高者下降愈明显,罗格列酮有望较长期保持疗效 餐前或进餐时服用 噻唑烷二酮类(TZD)适应症和禁忌症 适应症 主要用于2型糖尿病的治疗尤其存在明显胰岛素抵抗者 禁忌症 心功能2级以上:由于存在体液潴留的不良反应,已经有潜在心衰危险的患者应用该药物可以导致心衰加重: ALT 正常上限2.5倍 严重的骨质疏松和骨折病史者 不良反应 体重增加和水肿:轻中度水肿的发生率约3-4%,与胰岛素合用增至15% 增加骨折和心力衰竭的风险 TZD排泄与起效(罗格列酮) 经肾脏排泄占64% 经粪胆途径排泄23% 降糖作用需较长时间 一般2-4周开始起效 6-12周出现明显疗效 GLP-1受体激动剂 新一代的降糖药物 新一代的降糖药物 CLP-1的作用特点? 激动GLP-1受体而发挥降低血糖的作用 降糖效力:HbAlc0.8-2% 胃肠道反应常见 单用不发生低血糖风险 作 用 特 点 不 良 反 应 GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1) 代表药 艾塞那肽(百泌达) 利拉鲁肽(诺和力) * 胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)生理作用 促进饱感 降低食欲 Β细胞:增强葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素分泌 肝脏: 胰高糖素水平下降 减少肝
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