二部分教学资源teaching resources.pdf
PartTwoTeachingResources
第二部分教学资源
Section1BackgroundreadingsforModule6TheTang
Poems
1.Tangpoems
Althoughshiisageneraltermfor“poem”,itdescribesespeciallyatypeofregulatedpoemthat
wasverypopularduringtheTangDynastyandhasbeeninuseuntiltoday.Besidesthesongsand
hymnsintheBookofSongs,theearliestkindofshipoetryisthegushi(古诗)“oldpoem”type
duringtheHanDynasty.ThistypewasprobablyinfluencedbyInnerAsiantypesofmusicand
poetrywithasimplestyleinrhymingincouplets.Forthe“oldpoem”therewerenorules
regardingtheplacementoftonesthroughouttheverse-exceptrequirementsofeuphony.Itwas
aneasyanturallyricmediuminuseduringtheHanandJinDynasties.
TheTangDynastyaristocracyscholarsdevelopedanewtypeofpoemcalledlüshi(律诗)
“regulatedverse”.Seenfromtheoutershape,thegushiandlüshiareidentical.Bothhavefive-
orseven-syllableverses,composedtoquatrainstanzas.Likeolderpoemstoo,thefirsttwoverses
describeanaturalscene,whiletheotherdescribethepoet’ssentimentsorfeelings.
Additionally,coupletsareunderlyingsomerulesofcontrastorparallelisminthewordsused,
e.g.thefirstverseusingwordsdescribingheight,mustbealternatedbythesecondverse
describingasceneofflatlandorso.Knowledgeofthelüshiformwasaprerequisitebothforthe
imperialexaminationsandformembershipintheupper-classsociety.Anyonewithaneducation
wapectedtocomposeregulatedverseonvirtuallyeverysocialoccasion.Ashorttypeoflüshi
isthejueju绝句terminedsentence,atypelesssubjecttotherulesofverbalparallelism.The
juejuisparticularlysuitedto