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二部分教学资源teaching resources.pdf

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PartTwoTeachingResources

第二部分教学资源

Section1BackgroundreadingsforModule6TheTang

Poems

1.Tangpoems

Althoughshiisageneraltermfor“poem”,itdescribesespeciallyatypeofregulatedpoemthat

wasverypopularduringtheTangDynastyandhasbeeninuseuntiltoday.Besidesthesongsand

hymnsintheBookofSongs,theearliestkindofshipoetryisthegushi(古诗)“oldpoem”type

duringtheHanDynasty.ThistypewasprobablyinfluencedbyInnerAsiantypesofmusicand

poetrywithasimplestyleinrhymingincouplets.Forthe“oldpoem”therewerenorules

regardingtheplacementoftonesthroughouttheverse-exceptrequirementsofeuphony.Itwas

aneasyanturallyricmediuminuseduringtheHanandJinDynasties.

TheTangDynastyaristocracyscholarsdevelopedanewtypeofpoemcalledlüshi(律诗)

“regulatedverse”.Seenfromtheoutershape,thegushiandlüshiareidentical.Bothhavefive-

orseven-syllableverses,composedtoquatrainstanzas.Likeolderpoemstoo,thefirsttwoverses

describeanaturalscene,whiletheotherdescribethepoet’ssentimentsorfeelings.

Additionally,coupletsareunderlyingsomerulesofcontrastorparallelisminthewordsused,

e.g.thefirstverseusingwordsdescribingheight,mustbealternatedbythesecondverse

describingasceneofflatlandorso.Knowledgeofthelüshiformwasaprerequisitebothforthe

imperialexaminationsandformembershipintheupper-classsociety.Anyonewithaneducation

wapectedtocomposeregulatedverseonvirtuallyeverysocialoccasion.Ashorttypeoflüshi

isthejueju绝句terminedsentence,atypelesssubjecttotherulesofverbalparallelism.The

juejuisparticularlysuitedto

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