语言学知识点.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Edward Sapir (1884 - 1939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world. Linguistic determinism: L may determine our thinking patterns. Linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around. * English: horseshoe French: fer a cheval —— iron for horse German: hufeisen —— hoof iron The Eskimos have countless words for snow. The Arabs, for camels. 心理语言学Psycholinguistics: the study of the mental process of language comprehension and production. 计算机语言学Computational Linguistics: study of the use of computers to process and produce human language. 语言学理论流派 考点：四大学派的代表人物及其理论名称 1. Father of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学之父 2. Prague School 布拉格学派 3. London School 伦敦学派 4. American Structuralism 美国结构主义 5. Transformative-Generative Grammar 转换生成语法 1. Father of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学之父 Saussure 索绪尔 (瑞士) 代表作 Saussure’s new concepts: Langue and Parole (语言和言语) Signifier and signified （能指和所指） 2. Prague School 布拉格学派： Stressed synchronic linguistics （强调共时语言学） N. Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)特鲁别茨柯依 J. Firbas (1921-2000) 费尔巴斯 * Prague School Phonology N. Trubetzkoy’(特鲁别茨柯依) contributions: defined the sphere of phonological studies, and gave an accurate definition of the phoneme. * J. Firbas (费尔巴斯) FSP （functional Sentence Perspective, 句子功能前景）： distribution of information in sentence CD （Communicative dynamism, 交际动力） is used to measure the information amount a particular sentence constituent contains * 3. The London School Malinowski (1884-1942) 马林诺夫斯基 Firth (1890-1960) 弗斯 Halliday (1925- ) 韩礼德 All three stressed the importance of context of situ