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建造中船舶抵押权,你该如何设定和实现.doc

发布:2018-05-22约7.88千字共15页下载文档
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建造中船舶抵押权,你该如何设定和实现   摘要建造中的船舶,虽在其概念的表述中含有“船舶”二字,但其却不构成海商法意义上的船舶。①近些年来,越来越多的国家为了满足船舶所有人融资的需要,在法律中确立了建造中船舶的抵押制度。②我国《海商法》第14条以及《中华人民共和国物权法》(以下简称《物权法》)第180条第一款(五)都规定了建造中船舶可以设定抵押权。但是,由于我国《海商法》和《物权法》对于建造中船舶抵押权的规定过于粗陋、原则,使得在实务中缺乏可操作性,对建造中船舶所有人的融资目的的实现造成了阻碍和困扰。本文拟就建造中船舶抵押权在设定和实现中存在的问题及解决的对策进行简要的分析和论述。   关键词 建造中船舶;抵押权;所有权认定;法律适用;效力范围      How to establish and carry out the mortgage of the vessels under construction?   Zhou Hui   AbstractAlthough containing the term ‘vessels’ in its expression, the vessels under construction are not the vessels regulated by Chinese Maritime Law. Recently, in order to meet the owners’ need of financing, more and more countries establish the mortgage system for the vessels under construction. The article 14 of Chinese Maritime Law and the first clause(5) of the article 180 of Chinese Property Law all stipulate that vessels under construction can be mortgaged. However, the provisions of this kind of mortgage in Chinese Maritime Law and Property Law are so broad-brush that it is hard to handle the problems arising in practice and they block the actualization of the owners’ intention of financing. The writer of this paper will briefly analyse and dissertate the existing problems and resolving strategies during the process of establishing and carrying out the mortgage of the vessels under construction.   Key words Vessels under construction;Mortgage;Ascertaining of ownership;Application of law;Effective scope      建造中的船舶(vessels under construction),是指处在造船人占有之下的用于和将要用于建造某一特定船舶的材料、机器和设备的总称。③从造船技术上来讲,船舶从安放龙骨开始,直到下水之前,都属于建造中的船舶;但从法律上来讲,建造中的船舶尚不构成海商法意义上的船舶,在某些情况下只是船舶的雏形,甚至是一堆造船材料,允许建造中的船舶设定抵押权来担保债权的实现是对抵押权理论的一种挑战。②因而世界各国或地区对建造中船舶能否设定抵押权作出了不同的规定:英国不允许对在建船舶设定抵押权;而德国、挪威、瑞典、我国台湾地区则允许在建船舶设定抵押权。④尽管较多国家和地区为了满足船舶所有人的融资需要而规定了建造中船舶的抵押权制度,但是,法律若对此种抵押权的设定和实现的规定不够细致、明确,就会对实务中的操作造成困难,甚至会导致此种抵押权根本无法实现。   我国《海商法》第14条以及《物权法》第180条第一款(五)均规定建造中船舶可以设定抵押权。同时,《物权法》第188条规定:以正在建造中的船舶抵押的,抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立;未经登记,不得对抗善意第三人。我国《海商法》第13条也规定:设定船舶抵押权,由抵押权人和抵押人共同向船舶登记机关办理抵押权登记;未经登
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