自考本科词汇学重点.doc

第一份an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example,the allomorphs”-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation”are the positional variants or the same suffix.Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element such as a prefix suffix or combining form to an already existing word.for example,the word”unfair”is formed by adding the prefix”un-”to the already existing word fair 第二份Conversion： is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into f another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack (as in “The enemy attacked us at night”) corresponds to the noun attack (as. in The enemy launched an attack on us at night”); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb “invade”(as in “The enemy invaded us at night”) and the noun “invade” (as in “The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.”). A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. For example,”in-“in”unkind” Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time. For example, the word “marshal” originally meant “a horse tender”, but it now means “officer of highest rank”. 第三份： polysemy:polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.There are words that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must be used to express more meanings,the result is polysemy.For example,the word fair has various meanings,(of results)average,quite good,(of attitude, behaviour)just and honest,importial,(of the weather)clear and sunny,(of amount)satisfatiry,abundant,etc. 32.Neoclassi