考研语言学复习题.doc

Reduced Vowel: referring to a vowel which can be analyzed as centralized variant of a vowel in a related form. For example, the stressed vowels in telegraph become reduced in the related word telegraphy. Released: a term used in phonetics to refer to the type of movement made by the vocal organs away from a point of articulation, particularly with reference to plosives. English plosives, for example, may be released with or without aspiration, or as a lateral or nasal. Cases of nouns or nominal groups Agentive, instrumental, dative, factitive, locative, objective, benefactive, source, goal, comitative Agentive This violin was made by my father. My father made this violin. Instrumental He was killed with a bullet. You can cut the bread with that knife. He examined the specimen with a microscope. Dative (recipient or beneficiary) He cooked a dinner for her (intended recipient) He gave the book to my friend. (actual recipient) Factitive Constituting a transitive verb, such as elect, that in some constructions takes an objective complement to modify its direct object. They elected her the chairman. They made him their monitor. He made his dress short. Locative He is in London. He is waiting at the airport. Objective He supported the family for years. Benefactive He sold her a bike. He borrowed me 220 yuans. Source I borrowed the book from Bill. He comes from Scotland Goal She ran at me. She shot at him. She smiled at me. A vicious dog was snapping at her ankles. Comitative Especially when followed by an animate complement, with has the meaning ‘in company with’ or ‘together with’ (comitative function) I’m so glad you’re coming with us. Jack, with several of his noisy friends, was drinking till after 2 in the morning. The uses of “and” 1). Signify consequence or result He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the police. 2). Chronological sequence I washed the dishes and (then) I dried them. 3). Contrast Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is c