第二章 均衡价格理论文档.ppt
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第二章 均衡价格理论Chapter 2 Theory of equilibrium price 一、需求理论Demand theory 二、供给理论Supply theory 三、均衡价格及其决定Equilibrium price and the determinants 四、均衡价格的变动the change of equilibrium price 五、均衡价格理论的应用the application of equilibrium price theory 一、需求理论Demand theory 1、需求与需求量 Demand and quantity demanded 2、影响需求(量)的因素 The factors that affect demand 3、需求的变动与需求量的变动 The change of demand and the change of quantity demanded 4、个人需求与市场需求 Individual demand and market demand 1、需求与需求量Demand and quantity demanded 需求:消费者在某一时间内的各种可能的价格水平上对某种商品愿意并且能够购买的数量。 需求量:消费者在某一时间内的某一特定价格水平上对某种商品愿意并且能够购买的数量。 需求(量)的条件: (1)购买欲望Buy Desire; (2)购买能力Affordability。 Demand of any good is the amounts of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase within a certain time at any possible price level. The quantity demanded of any good is the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase within a certain time at a certain price level. 2、影响需求(量)的因素The factors that affect demand 商品本身的价格(P) The price of the product itself 相关商品的价格(Pi) Prices of related goods 消费者收入水平(I) Consumer income 消费者预期(Pe) Consumer expectations Consumer expectations 消费者偏好(H) Consumer preference 商品本身的价格(P) The price of the good itself 需求定理:一般情况下,某种商品的需求量与其价格成反方向变动,即价格上升,需求量减少;价格下降,需求量增加。 Demand law: Other things equal,when the price of a good rises,the quantity demanded of the good falls,and when the price falls,the quantity demanded rises. 需求函数demand function: Qd=f(P) dQd/dP0* 需求方程demand equaqtion: Qd=a-bP (a、b为常数,b0) 需求表demand schedule(table) 需求曲线demand curve 需求表demand schedule(table) 需求曲线demand curve P 相关商品的价格(Pi) Prices of related goods 替代品和互补品 Substitute goods and Complementary Goods Substitute goods: 交替使用能够满足人们同一需求或相似需求的商品。例:各种衣服、肉、水果、日用品等. 一种商品的替代品的价格上升(下降),则对该商品的需求增加(减少)。 The price of a substitute for a good increases (decreases), then the demand for the good will increase (decrease). Pi Qi
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