核与辐射事故院内医学应急处理肿瘤化疗与放射病科 .ppt

* Nuclear and radiological accidents have consequences other than just the direct physical effects on humans. Every accident involving radiation has led to anxiety and distress among the people who have been - or who think they have been - exposed to radiation. These effects in the case of the Chernobyl accident have been serious and long-lasting, despite the radiation exposure to most people being relatively mild. They include severe clinical depression and symptoms of stress, including high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems, and development of alcoholism and drug addiction as a reaction to the stress. When land, water or air become contaminated with radioactive material, there is concern about the environmental effects. Normally radiation does not affect the ecosystem unless the levels are very high, although it can damage individual plants and animals. More problematic are the impact of countermeasures on the environment - countermeasures that were taken to protect man. Moreover when the environment becomes contaminated with radioactive material no matter whether the levels are very small, there is concern among the population continuing to live there. Finally environmental processes, such as wind and rivers can transport radioactive material from one place to another, which raises further concerns. Any countermeasures taken to address health or environmental impact will have associated costs, whether they be the direct cost of the countermeasure itself, or the lost economic output from formally productive areas. Together with the social and political consequences associated with the accident and any countermeasures employed, it is clear that the consequences are often more than just the direct health consequences alone. * * How dangerous ? And what types of effect do we mean ? There are basically two types of physical health effect related to radiation exposure. The first is called a ‘deterministic’ effect. These effects occur relatively soon