surface flux modeling for air quality applications表面通量为空气质量应用程序建模.pdf

Atmosphere 2011, 2, 271-302; doi:10.3390/atmos2030271 OPEN ACCESS atmosphere ISSN 2073-4433 /journal/atmosphere Review Surface Flux Modeling for Air Quality Applications Jonathan Pleim 1,* and Limei Ran 2 1 Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA 2 Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; E-Mail: lran@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: pleim.jon@; Tel.: +1-919-541-1336; Fax: +1-919-541-1379. Received: 14 June 2011; in revised form: 21 July 2011 / Accepted: 26 July 2011/ Published: 8 August 2011 Abstract: For many gasses and aerosols, dry deposition is an important sink of atmospheric mass. Dry deposition fluxes are also important sources of pollutants to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The surface fluxes of some gases, such as ammonia, mercury, and certain volatile organic compounds, can be upward into the air as well as downward to the surface and therefore should be modeled as bi-directional fluxes. Model parameterizations of dry deposition in air quality models have been represented by simple electrical resistance analogs for almost 30 years. Uncertainties in surface flux modeling in global to mesoscale models are being slowly reduced as more field measurements provide constraints on parameterizat