the history of makassan trepang fishing and trade的历史makassan海参渔业和贸易.pdf
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The History of Makassan Trepang Fishing and Trade
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Kathleen Schwerdtner Manez*, Sebastian C. A. Ferse
Leibniz-Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
Abstract
The Malayan term trepang describes a variety of edible holothurians commonly known as sea cucumbers. Although found in
temperate and tropical marine waters all over the world, the centre of species diversity and abundance are the shallow
coastal waters of Island Southeast Asia. For at least 300 years, trepang has been a highly priced commodity in the Chinese
market. Originally, its fishing and trade was a specialized business, centred on the town of Makassar in South Sulawesi
(Indonesia). The rise of trepang fishing in the 17th century added valuable export merchandize to the rich shallow seas
surrounding the islands of Southeast Asia. This enabled local communities to become part of large trading networks and
greatly supported their economic development. In this article, we follow Makassan trepang fishing and trading from its
beginning until the industrialization of the fishery and worldwide depletion of sea cucumbers in the 20th century. Thereby,
we identify a number of characteristics which trepang fishing shares with the exploitation of other marine resources,
including (1) a strong influence of international markets, (2) the role of patron-client relationships which heavily influence
the resource selection, and (3) the roving-bandit-syndrome, where fishermen exploit local stocks of valuable resources until
they are depleted, and then move to another area. We suggest that understanding the similarities and differences between
historical and recent exploitation of marine resources is an important step towards effective management solutions.
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