stress tolerance of bed bugs a review of factors that cause trauma to cimex lectularius and c. hemipterus压力臭虫公差评估因素导致创伤臭虫和c . hemipterus.pdf

Insects 2011, 2, 151-172; doi:10.3390/insects2020151 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 /journal/insects/ Review Stress Tolerance of Bed Bugs: A Review of Factors That Cause Trauma to Cimex lectularius and C. Hemipterus Joshua B. Benoit Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; E-Mail: joshua.benoit@; Tel.: +1-203-737-4134. Received: 28 February 2011; in revisedform: 26 March 2011 / Accepted: 20 April 2011 / Published: 29 April 2011 Abstract: Recent emergence of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) has prompted a significant expansion of research devoted to this pest. The ability to survive and recover from stress has significant implications on the distribution and survival of insects, and bed bugs are no exception. Research on bed bug stress tolerance has shown considerable progress and necessitates a review on this topic. Bed bugs have an extraordinary ability to resist dehydration between bloodmeals, and this represents a critical factor allowing their prolonged survival when no host is available. High relative humidities are detrimental to bed bugs, leading to reduced survival in comparison to those held at lower relative humidities. Continual exposure of bed bugs, eggs and mobile stages, to temperatures below freezing and short term exposure (=1 h) to temperatures below − 16 to − 18 °C results in mortality. The upper thermal limit for short term exposure of eggs, nymphs and adults is bet