the evolution of biomarkers in thyroid cancer—from mass screening to a personalized biosignature生物的进化在甲状腺癌症从大规模个性化的生命指标的筛选.pdf

Cancers 2010, 2, 885-912; doi:10.3390/cancers2020885 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review The Evolution of Biomarkers in Thyroid Cancer—From Mass Screening to a Personalized Biosignature Raymon H. Grogan †, Elliot J. Mitmaker † and Orlo H. Clark * Division of Endocrine Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero St, C-347, Box 1674, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; E-Mails: rgroganmd@ (R.H.G.); ellmit@ (E.J.M.) † RHG and EJM contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: orlo.clark@; Tel.: +1-415-885-7616; Fax: +1-415-885-7617. Received: 26 March 2010; in revised form: 10 May 2010 / Accepted: 19 May 2010 / Published: 20 May 2010 Abstract: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. The diagnosis of thyroid nodules, made by neck examination and ultrasonography, is a common event occurring in over 50% of the patient population over the age of 50. Yet, only 5% of these patients will be diagnosed with cancer. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid nodules. However, 10–15% of these biopsies are inconclusive, ultimately requiring a diagnostic thyroid lobectomy. Consequently, research in thyroid biomarkers has become an area of active interest. In the 40 years since calcitonin was first described as the biomarker for medullary thyroid cancer, new biomarkers in thyroid cancer have been discovered. Advances in genomic and