decoding melanoma metastasis解码黑色素瘤转移.pdf

Cancers 2011, 3, 126-163; doi:10.3390/cancers3010126 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review Decoding Melanoma Metastasis William E. Damsky, Jr. 1,2, Lara E. Rosenbaum 1 and Marcus Bosenberg 1,* 1 Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; E-Mails: William.Damsky@ (W.E.D.); Lara.Rosenbaum@ (L.E.R.) 2 Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Marcus.Bosenberg@; Tel.: +1-(203)-737-3484; Fax: +1-(203)-785-6869. Received: 1 December 2010; in revised form: 22 December 2010 / Accepted: 23 December 2010 / Published: 30 December 2010 Abstract: Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of morbidity and mortality associated with melanoma. Evidence suggests melanoma has a predilection for metastasis to particular organs. Experimental analyses have begun to shed light on the mechanisms regulating melanoma metastasis and organ specificity, but these analyses are complicated by observations of metastatic dormancy and dissemination of melanocytes that are not yet fully malignant. Additionally, tumor extrinsic factors in the microenvironment, both at the site of the primary tumor and the site of metastasis, play important roles in mediating the metastatic process. As metastasis research moves forward, paradigms explaining melanoma metastasis as a step-wise process must also reflect the