风力提水设备在中国华中地区的成功实践.doc

SUCCESSFUL WATER PUMPING WINDMILL PRACTICE IN CENTRAL CHINA ?风力提水设备在中国华中地区的成功实践 Introduction: 介绍 The first use of the windmill appears to have been in China and it’s use is mentioned in many historical documents ranging from 2000 BC to the Ming Dynasty. The primary use was elevating water for agriculture, but they were also commonly used to turn millstones for grinding rice and wheat. The idea was taken to Afghanistan and Persia where it was widely used in modified form beginning about the 8th century. 据相关历史文献，早在公元前2000年，中国就开始使用风车，这也是世界上最早使用风车的。最开始主要是应用于农业灌溉，后来渐渐的应用于带动磨石碾米和小麦。后来这一技术被带到阿富汗和波斯，经过改进，在8世纪开始广泛应用。 Crusaders saw these windmills in action in the 12th century and took the idea back to Europe where the concept was continuously advanced over the following centuries. Windmills in Europe were used primarily for pumping water, as in Holland where much flooded tidelands were reclaimed and put to beneficial use by the use of large windmills removing excess water. Additionally, they were used for milling wheat and grains and development continued in other European countries and provided such divers service as providing the power for manufacturing ink, soap and sawing lumber. 12世纪，十字军把这种技术带回欧洲并经过几个世纪的不断完善。在欧洲，风车主要用于泵水，比如在荷兰有很多洪水淹没的湿地要开垦，所以将风车善加利用，抽走多余的水。另外，它们被用来碾小麦和谷物，并继续在其他欧洲国家提供各种服务，给墨水制造，肥皂制造和锯木材提供动力。 Early European settlers in the new world brought the idea with them from Europe, but the remains of at least one pre-Columbian windmill made of stone on the east coast of the US has been identified. The builders remain unknown. 早期的欧洲新大陆移民者把这一技术从欧洲带来，但是至少有一个前哥伦布石制风车在美国的东海岸被确认。建造者仍然未知。 In 1854, the first modern windmill, automatic in action, self regulating in operation and with automatic over speed protection incorporated in the design was invented in Hartford Connecticut by Andrew Halladay and about the same time on the opposite side of the country in California by Isaac Tustin. Halladay’s machine achieved great success and pioneers heading westward took the mach