外科百科知识（Encyclopedia of surgery）.doc

外科百科知识（Encyclopedia of surgery） (I) surgical general introduction 1. aseptic technique is a series of preventive measures for microorganisms and infection routes, including sterilization, disinfection, operation rules and management systems. Sterilization is the killing of all living microorganisms. Disinfection refers to the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms and other harmful microorganisms, but does not require the removal or killing of all microorganisms. The commonly used sterilization method including high pressure steam sterilization method, this is the most commonly used surgical sterilization supplies the most reliable method; the boiling sterilization method for metal equipment, glass, rubber goods; the fire, for emergency use of instruments. Disinfection methods include soaking and disinfection of liquid medicine and formaldehyde steam fumigation. The principle of correct aseptic operation (ten points) requires general understanding. See the examination tutorial P509 page. 2., water, electrolyte metabolism and acid-base imbalance. (1) the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prevention and treatment of various types of dehydration (isotonic dehydration, hypertonic dehydration, hypotonic dehydration) and potassium (hypokalemia, Gao Jia), and abnormalities of calcium and magnesium. The (2) pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is caused by various causes of [HCO3-] reduction in the body. Clinically characterized by deep, rapid breathing, and sometimes with a ketone odor when exhaling. Facial flushing, heart rate increased, rapid pulse, CO2-CP40%, urine acidity. The diagnosis is mainly based on the characteristics of the history and the rapid respiration, the pH value of blood and the decrease of [HCO3-]. Treatment method is to eliminate the cause of disease, treatment of the original disease; two is based on [HCO3-] concentration to decide