2.陈沁儒1021411006外文参考资料及译文.doc

毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文 译文题目： 钢筋混凝土结构的设计过程左熹 2011年11 月18日 Design Process of Reinforced Concrete Objectives of design The structure engineer is a member of a team whose members work together to design a building,bridge,or other structure that will fulfil the specific needs of a client. In the case of a building,an architect generally provides the overall layout,and mechanical,electrical,and structural engineers design individual systems within the building. A geotechnical or foundation engineer provides information necessary for the design of foundations,basement walls,and so on. The structure should satisfy four major criteria: 1,Appropriateness.The arrangement of spaces,spans,ceiling heights,access,and traffic flow must complement the intended use.The structure should fit its environment and be aesthetically pleasing wherever possible.Although such decisions are frequently in the architect`s domain,the structural engineer should bear them in mind in choosing framing systems for a building or in laying or in laying out structures such as bridges. 2,Economy.The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client`s budget.Frequently,teamwork in design will lead to overall economies. 3,Structural adequacy.Structural adequacy involves two major aspects: a.A structure must be sufficiently strong to support safely,without collapse,all anticipated loadings b.A structure must not deflect,tilt,vibrate,or crack in a manner that impairs its usefulness. 4,Maintainability.A structure should be designed to require a minimum of maintenance and/or to be able to be maintained in a simple fashion. It is estimated that one-fifth of the highway bridges in north america are dangerous to varying degrees because of inadequate attention during design to drainage,weathering,or corrosion,coupled with inadequate maintenance during their lifetimes. Design process Limit states The design process is a sequential and iterative decision-m