地理信息系统原理孔金玲第一章绪论.ppt

《地理信息系统原理》 主讲教师: 孔金玲 教授 第一章 绪 论 什么是GIS？ GIS有何用途？ 地理信息系统（简称GIS , 为Geographic Information System的英文缩写）是在计算机硬件、软件系统支持下，对关于现实世界（资源与环境）的各类空间数据及描述其空间特性的属性数据进行采集、储存、管理、运算、分析、显示和描述的技术系统，它作为集计算机科学、地理学、测绘遥感学、环境科学、城市科学、空间科学、信息科学和管理科学为一体的新兴边缘学科而迅速地兴起和发展起来。 第一章 绪 论 The purpose of GIS An urban planner might like to find out about the urban fringe （边缘） growth in her/his city, and quantify the population growth that some suburbs are witnessing. She/he might also like to understand why it is these suburbs and not others; A biologist might be interested in the impact of slash-and-burn practices on the populations of amphibian（两栖动物） species in the forests of a mountain range to obtain a better understanding of the involved long-term threats to those populations; A natural hazard analyst might like to identify the high-risk areas of annual monsoon（季风）-related flooding by looking at rainfall patterns and terrain characteristics; A geological engineer might want to identify the best localities for constructing buildings in an area with regular earthquakes by looking at rock formation characteristics; 第一章 绪 论 The purpose of GIS A mining engineer could be interested in determining which prospective copper mines are best fit for future exploration, taking into account parameters such as extent, depth and quality of the ore body, amongst others; A geoinformatics engineer hired by a telecommunication company may want to determine the best sites for the company’s relay stations（中继站）, taking into account various cost factors such as land prices, undulation（起伏） of the terrain et cetera; A forest manager might want to optimize timber production using data on soil and current tree stand distributions, in the presence of a number of operational constraints, such as the requirement to preserve tree diversity （维持树木的多样性）; A hydrological engineer might want to study a number of water quality parameters of different sites in a freshwater lake to improve