心理学专业外语翻译第18页.doc

Gender bias in psychological theory and research EXAMPLES OF GENDER BIAS IN PSYCHOLOGY Moral development - Kohlberg applied his stages of moral development derived from male subjects, to female subjects, and concluded that latter reached lower levels. Gilligan(1982) has suggested that female morality is based on different priorities. Interpersonal relationships - the research focus on brief acquaintances rather than long term kin relationships may reflect a male bias. Childcare - Bowlbys research on maternal deprivation implied that women needed to stay at home and care for the children. Socialisation - many psychoanalytically orientated psychologists proposed gender biased views on women. Freud argued that women fall victim to envy for a penis, which will leave ineradicable traces on their development and the formation of their character such as the physical vanity of women, since they are bound to value their charms more highly as a late compensation for their original sexual inferiority (Freud, 1933a). Erickson proposed women were destined to bear and take care of the offspring of men. Theoretical bias Hare-Mustin and Maracek(1990) distinguish between alpha and beta bias in theories: 心理学理论及心理学研究中的性别偏见 心理学中性别偏见举例 道德发展——Kohlber将其来源于男性被试主体的道德发展阶段理论应用于女性，从而得出女性只达到道德标准的较低水平的结论。 Gilligan(1982)在此之前就已提出女性道德基于不同优先级。 人际关系——将研究的重点集中在短期人脉而非有渊源的血亲关系，可能反应出男性的偏见。 儿童照料——Bowlby的母爱剥夺实验暗示女性要育儿持家。 社会化——许多从精神分析角度定位的心理学家对女性有性别歧视的态度。 Freud认为女性成为阳具崇拜的受害者，这将对女性发展及性格形成留下不可磨灭的痕迹，如身体空虚的女性将把对迷人风韵的看重作为女性原始性别自卑的后期补偿(Freud, 1933a)。 Erickson表明，女性注定要担负生育并且照看后代的责任。 理论偏见 Hare-Mustin and Maracek(1990)区分理论中的α与β偏见 · Alpha bias exaggerates differences between men and women, serving to reinforce gender stereotypes. · Beta bias minimises real differences between men and women, causing important parts of womens life experiences to be ignored. These biases exist because androcentric(male biased) views are used as the standard or norm to explain the psychological experiences of