木质纤维素的酶水解质纤维素的酶水解.doc

木质纤维素的酶水解 Biological conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals offers the high yields to products vital to economic success and the potential for very low costs. Enzymatic hydrolysis that converts lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars may be the most complex step in this process due to substrate-related and enzyme-related effects and their interactions. Although enzymatic hydrolysis offers the potential for higher yields, higher selectivity, lower energy costs and milder operating conditions than chemical processes, the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis and the relationship between the substrate structure and function of various glycosyl hydrolase components is not well understood. Consequently, limited success has been realized in maximizing sugar yields at very low cost. This review highlights literature on the impact of key substrate and enzyme features that influence performance, to better understand fundamental strategies to advance enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass for biological conversion to fuels and chemicals. Topics are summarized from a practical point of view including characteristics of cellulose (e.g., crystallinity, degree of polymerization and accessible surface area) and soluble and insoluble biomass components (e.g., oligomeric xylan and lignin) released in pretreatment, and their effects on the effectiveness of enzymatic hydrolysis. We further discuss the diversity, stability and activity of individual enzymes and their synergistic effects in deconstructing complex lignocellulosic biomass. Advanced technologies to discover and characterize novel enzymes and to improve enzyme characteristics by mutagenesis, post-translational modification and over-expression of selected enzymes and modifications in lignocellulosic biomass are also discussed. 基于酶水解技术基础上的纤维素乙醇生产技术是20世纪80年代生物质技术的主要研究领域，自从20世纪70年代“能源危机”之后，美国能源部一直积极支持规模以上乙醇生产，并建立独立部门用于管理和支持这项工作。虽然通过纤维素酶水解纤维素生物质产生的生物燃料和化学产品提供了更高的收益率，较高的选择性，降低能源成本以及相对化学过程更温和的操作条件等，但是这种技