TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES (美国的宪法).pdf
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AMENDMENTS
TO THE
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
23
ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF,
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATI-
FIED BY THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE
FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION 1
AMENDMENT [I.]2
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging
the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
1In Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368 (1921), the Supreme Court stated that it would take judi-
cial notice of the date on which a State ratified a proposed constitutional amendment. Accord-
ingly the Court consulted the State journals to determine the dates on which each house of
the legislature of certain States ratified the Eighteenth Amendment. It, therefore, follows that
the date on which the governor approved the ratification, or the date on which the secretary
of state of a given State certified the ratification, or the date on which the Secretary of State
of the United States received a copy of said certificate, or the date on which he proclaimed that
the amendment had been ratified are not controlling. Hence, the ratification date given in the
following notes is the date on which the legislature of a given State approved the particular
amendment (signature by the speaker or presiding officers of
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