smoking patterns in ghanaian civil servants changes over three decades吸烟模式在加纳公务员变化超过三十年.pdf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 200-208; doi:10.3390/ijerph6010200 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Smoking Patterns in Ghanaian Civil Servants: Changes Over Three Decades Juliet Addo *, Liam Smeeth and David A. Leon Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK E-Mails: liam.smeeth@lshtm.ac.uk (L. S.); dave.leon@lshtm.ac.uk (D. L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +44-207-927-2296; Fax: + 44-207-580- 6897; E-Mail: juliet.addo@lshtm.ac.uk Received: 5 December 2008 / Accepted: 6 January 2009 / Published: 8 January 2009 Abstract: The number of smokers in developing countries is expected to increase as markets in high income countries begin to decline and multinational tobacco companies shift their marketing efforts to lower income countries. We determined the prevalence and distribution of smoking in a cross-sectional study of 1,015 urban civil servants in Accra, Ghana (82.7% participation rate) in 2006. The results were compared to the findings from a previous study in 1976 of civil servants in Accra to estimate the changes in smoking patterns over a 30 year