Emerging Frameworks for Tangible User Interfaces（新兴框架切实的用户界面）.pdf

In “Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millenium,” John M. Carroll, ed.; © Addison-Wesley, August 2001, pp. 579-601. Emerging Frameworks for Tangible User Interfaces Brygg Ullmer and Hiroshi Ishii ABSTRACT For more than thirty years, people have relied primarily on screen-based text and graphics to interact with computers. Whether the screen is placed on a desk, held in one’s hand, worn on one’s head, or embedded in the physical environment, the screen has cultivated a predominantly visual paradigm of human-computer interaction. In this chapter, we discuss a growing space of interfaces in which physical objects play a central role as both physical representations and controls for digital information. We present an interaction model and key characteristics for such “tangible user interfaces,” and explore these characteristics in a number of interface examples. This discussion supports a newly integrated view of both recent and previous work, and points the way towards new kinds of computationally-mediated interfaces that more seamlessly weave to- gether the physical and digital worlds. INTRODUCTION The last decade has seen a wave of new research into ways to link the physical and digital worlds. This work has led to the identification of several major research themes, including augmented reality, mixed reality, ubiquitous computing, and wearable computing. At the same time, a number of interfaces have begun to explore the relationship between physical representation and digital information, highlighting kinds of interac- tion that are not readily described by these existing frameworks. Fitzmaurice, Buxton, and Ishii took an important step towards describing a new conceptual framework with their discussion of “graspable user interfaces” [Fitzmauri